![]() ![]() This consequence could be the result of alterations to structure because of a lack of testosterone and/or normal development and the tendency of these animals to urinate within their prepuce. Inflammation of both the penis and prepuce ( phaloposthitis or balanoposthitis) occurs mostly in castrated animals. Inflammation of the penis is phallitis, that of the head (glans) of the penis is balanitis, and that of the prepuce is posthitis. Foster, in Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease (Sixth Edition), 2017 Inflammation Latency (i.e., hidden, persistent, subclinical infection) is a hallmark of all herpesviruses and the basis for new outbreaks of disease, recurrent disease in the latently infected host, and the transfer of the virus from one generation to the next. The gammaherpesviruses of ruminants thus far identified include: BHV4 (genus Rhadinovirus) which causes a low-grade generalized disease and ovine herpesvirus 2 and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, both of which are in the proposed genus Macavirus and cause malignant catarrhal fever when transmitted, during cohabitation, to European cattle. These viruses typically cause localized lesions, particularly of mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and genital tracts or less commonly the skin, that are characterized by the sequential production of vesicles, pustules, and shallow ulcers that become covered by a pseudomembrane and heal after 10–14 days, usually without scar formation. All of the alphaherpesviruses of ruminants are members of the Varicellovirus genus except BHV2, which is a member of the genus Simplexvirus and thus related to herpes simplex virus of humans. ![]() ![]() Other known alphaherpesviruses infect goats ( caprine herpesvirus 1), buffalo, and several deer and other wild ruminant species. The alphaherpesviruses include: bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), the cause of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis BHV2, the cause of bovine mammilitis and a form of bovine lumpy skin disease and BHV5, a cause of bovine encephalitis. There are no known bovine members of the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Studdert, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008īovine herpesviruses, more broadly ruminant herpesviruses, are members of the family Herpesviridae (in the proposed order Herpesvirales), and are assigned to either subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae or subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. ![]() Sequence accession numbers and assigned abbreviations ( ) are also listed. Species names are in italic script names of isolates are in roman script names of synonyms are in roman script and parentheses. (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) 175 Placental lesions may be mild or minimal. Microscopically, intranuclear inclusion bodies may be seen in cells surrounding areas of necrosis. 177 Lungs, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands of aborted fetuses may show pinpoint white foci, represented by randomly distributed areas of coagulative necrosis 175,177 ( Figure 8-37). Aborted fetuses may be autolyzed, but placental lesions may be minimal. 2 Progression of the disease and gross and microscopic findings from the aborted fetus are similar to those observed in α-herpesvirus infection in other species. 177 Experimental studies in naive does confirm that CpHV 1 may cause abortion 10 to 60 days after inoculation. Occasionally the virus may be more virulent or present in naive populations, resulting in abortion storms and death of 1- to 2-week-old kids. 175 Serologic studies preceding a herpesvirus abortion storm in Wyoming indicate that infection does not reduce reproduction in subsequent breedings. The virus probably is spread to does by an infected buck. Pugh, in Sheep and Goat Medicine (Second Edition), 2012 Transmission ![]()
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